Many times, the first building block of a simple PCB is just a piece of FR-4 sheeting laminated to a single side. The most common type of substrate sheeting in use today is FR-4 - flame retardant, grade 4 - glass-reinforced epoxy laminate sheeting. All of the components that connect to the PCB, such as resistors, capacitors or pieces of active circuitry, are usually soldered straight onto the board, though more advanced PCB designs may contain components that have been embedded right into the substrate sheeting. The components are usually connected together using tracks and pads of conductive material - usually etched copper - that are then bonded to a piece of non-conductive substrate sheeting, usually fiberglass or epoxy. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are devices that support and connect the electric components in almost all consumer and industrial electronics.
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